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[数学]展開の紋章(解答)

問題編はこちら> [数学]展開の紋章

立方体には頂点から3本の辺が伸びているわけですが、
この3本の辺すべてが切り離し対象となってしまうとハサミを2回入れる必要があります。

つまり、切り取り線に三叉路ができなければ1回のハサミで展開図を作れます。
三叉路の数さえ数えることができればよいのですが…。

展開図となってしまうと、どの頂点がくっつくのか、一目で見つけるのは困難です。

そこで、三叉路を数えるのはやめて、三叉路ができると必ずできるものを数えます。
それが端っこの数。

一つの線なら端は2つありますが、途中で分岐が1つあると端は3つになります。
また、展開図の特性から、切り取り線がループ(輪の形)になることはありません。

そして、切り取り線の端はこんな形をしています。

そう、L字型。
頂点につながる辺の中で、1つの辺が切り離され、2つはつながっている形です。
この数を数えればいいわけなので、実際に数えてみましょう。

左が2個のパターン、右が4個のパターンです。
左は端が2個=切り取り線が1つの線になるため、ハサミが1回でいいパターンです。
右は端が4個=切り取り線に分岐が2つあるため、ハサミが3回必要になるパターンです。

L字が5個、というパターンはないので、ハサミを使う回数は最高3回になります。

前回の図形を見ながら、L字を数えてハサミを使う回数を割り出しますと

・ハサミ1回 3パターン
・ハサミ2回 4パターン
・ハサミ3回 4パターン

となります。

投稿日時 : 2009年6月18日 1:05

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# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/18 1:31 えムナウ

質問です。
1)端が3個の場合の説明がないです。
端2つにまたがって切った後、あと一回で切りきれる証明がありません。
2)切り取り線に分岐が2つあるとはどういうことですか?端2つにまたがって2回切った後まだ切れるところが残っている証明がありません。また残っている場所があと一回で切りきれる証明がありません。

# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/18 1:37 えムナウ

3)端が3個の場合切る組み合わせも3種類ありますがどれを採用するかの説明もありません。
4)端が4個の場合切る組み合わせも2種類ありますがどれを採用するかの説明もありません。この場合に選び方によっては既に切れているところを切ろうとする場合がありますがこの回避の仕方の説明もありません。

# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/18 7:57 出水

えムナウさんの意図がわからない…

ハサミはわざと多く使う事はありません
例えば、1回で切りきれるパターンであっても、中央から切れば2回必要ですが、これは無視してます
これを認めてしまうとハサミは無限回使用可能ですしね

で、もうひとつ、逆に十字架型は2回以下では切りきれない証明ですね
…って言っても自明でいいんじゃないですかね

切り取り線を平面に書けばこれが2回では切れないのはわかるでしょう
まじめにやるなら、グラフ理論かトポロジーか持ち出すんでしょうけど
この辺は突っ込まれるとボロが出るのでパス

# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/18 10:17 えムナウ

>えムナウさんの意図がわからない…
意図は数学であればもやもやしない証明が必要と思います。
特に3、4の場合は選択自由度があります。

>ハサミはわざと多く使う事はありません
>例えば、1回で切りきれるパターンであっても、中央から切>れば2回必要ですが、これは無視してます
>これを認めてしまうとハサミは無限回使用可能ですしね
これは問題にしていません。

>で、もうひとつ、逆に十字架型は2回以下では切りきれない証明ですね
>…って言っても自明でいいんじゃないですかね
自明ってのがちょっと納得いかない。
切りきれない証明と残りが切り切れる証明が要ります。

# 展開の紋章 立方体の展開図のクイズ 2009/06/18 12:56 えムナウ Blog

展開の紋章 立方体の展開図のクイズ

# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/18 19:56 出水

これは切り取り線の図形が一筆書きできるか、って問題です。
トポロジーなので、"最短"線分という単語自体おかしいなと思ったわけです。

端が2つの切り取り線の図形は"|"
端が3つの切り取り線の図形は"T"
端が4つの切り取り線の図形は"H"
と同相になります。

さすがに、この図形を見れば、それぞれ一筆、二筆、三筆でないと
描けないってのは自明じゃないかなと思うのですが…。

# re: [数学]展開の紋章(解答) 2009/06/19 2:56 えムナウ

>これは切り取り線の図形が一筆書きできるか、って問題です。
ここがまず違います。
ひと筆書いたときに切り取りに対応する部分にもひと筆自動的に書き加えられます、一筆書きではありません。
自動的に書き加えられる線は飛び地にできたりもします。
ちなみに展開図の周囲の線はすべて一筆書きできます。

>端が2つの切り取り線の図形は"|"
>端が3つの切り取り線の図形は"T"
>端が4つの切り取り線の図形は"H"
>と同相になります。
得意じゃないそうなのでここの話はスルーします。

>この図形を見れば、それぞれ一筆、二筆、三筆でないと
>描けないってのは自明じゃないかなと思うのですが…。
私のトラックバックのページで何か感じませんか?

三筆のケースなどは一回目の切り方で展開図の閉曲線が2本に分離したりしなかったりします、これは場合分けしないと証明できないケースじゃないですか?

場合分けをしないと解けないことを自明といわれるのは数学の証明ではないと思っています。

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