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計算結果の誤差

[@IT]VB6とVB2005での計算結果の違い より

***当初のものより修正されています。***


少し興味をもったのでテストしてみました。
提示されている計算式は次のようになっています。
金額 = (単価 X 数量) / 1000

例として、数量の部分に以下の数値が挙げられています。
23.33333....・・・70割る3で求められる
33.33333....・・・100割る3で求められる

また、単価の部分には4500という数値が挙げられています。

これを、小学校で習った分数で約分して解くと次のようになります。(解き方はいくつかありますが)

金額 =(4500 X(70 / 3)) / 1000
   = 4500 X 70 / 3 / 1000
   = 1500 X 7 / 1000
   = 15 X 7 = 105

金額 =(4500 X(100 / 3)) / 1000
   = 4500 X 100 / 3 / 1000
   = 1500 X 10 / 1000
   = 15 X 10 = 150

これを、VB2005を使用して、Double型、Decimal型の両方で計算してみました。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Module Module1

    Sub Main()
        Console.WriteLine("1st----------")
        Dim d1 As Double = 4500
        Dim d2 As Double = 70 / 3
        Dim d3 As Double = d1 * d2 / 1000
        Console.WriteLine("d1:{0}", d1)
        Console.WriteLine("d2:70 / 3 = {0}", d2)
        Console.WriteLine("d3:d1 * d2 / 1000 = {0}", d3)
        Console.WriteLine("----------end")

        Console.WriteLine("2nd----------")
        Dim d4 As Double = 4500
        Dim d5 As Double = 100 / 3
        Dim d6 As Double = d4 * d5 / 1000
        Console.WriteLine("d4:{0}", d4)
        Console.WriteLine("d5:100 / 3 = {0}", d5)
        Console.WriteLine("d6:d4 * d5 / 1000 = {0}", d6)
        Console.WriteLine("----------end")

        Console.WriteLine("3rd----------")
        Dim de1 As Decimal = 4500
        Dim de2 As Decimal = Convert.ToDecimal(70 / 3)
        Dim de2 As Decimal = 70D / 3D
        Dim de3 As Decimal = de1 * de2 / 1000
        Console.WriteLine("de1:{0}", de1)
        Console.WriteLine("de2:70 / 3 = {0}", de2)
        Console.WriteLine("de3:de1 * de2 / 1000 = {0}", de3)
        Console.WriteLine("----------end")

        Console.WriteLine("4th----------")
        Dim de4 As Decimal = 4500
        Dim de5 As Decimal = Convert.ToDecimal(100 / 3)
        Dim de5 As Decimal = 100D / 3D
        Dim de6 As Decimal = de4 * de5 / 1000
        Console.WriteLine("de4:{0}", de4)
        Console.WriteLine("de5:100 / 3 = {0}", de5)
        Console.WriteLine("de6:de4 * de5 / 1000 = {0}", de6)
        Console.WriteLine("----------end")

        Console.ReadKey()
    End Sub

End Module
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


結果はこうなりました。


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1st----------
d1:4500
d2:70 / 3 = 23.3333333333333
d3:d1 * d2 / 1000 = 105
----------end
2nd----------
d4:4500
d5:100 / 3 = 33.3333333333333
d6:d4 * d5 / 1000 = 150
----------end
3rd----------
de1:4500
de2:70 / 3 = 23.3333333333333
de3:de1 * de2 / 1000 = 104.99999999999985
de3:de1 * de2 / 1000 = 105.00000000000000000000000
----------end
4th----------
de4:4500
de5:100 / 3 = 33.3333333333333
de6:de4 * de5 / 1000 = 149.99999999999985
de6:de4 * de5 / 1000 = 150.00000000000000000000000
----------end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

なんと、この例では嫌われている模様のDouble型のほうが正確な答えを出しました。

同じ答えになっちゃったんですけど・・・(汗

 

ちなみに、MSDNでは以下のようなことが書かれています。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Decimal 値型は、多数の有効な整数桁と小数桁を必要とし、丸め誤差を使用しない財務計算に適しています。Decimal 型では、丸めの必要性はなくなっていません。その代わりに、丸め誤差が最小限に抑えられています。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
つまり、Decimal型は誤差がないわけではなく、最小限に抑えられているだけなのですね。

Decimal型は、丸め誤差が最小限に抑えられているようです。


どこか忘れましたが、.Netでは複合式の計算順序は最適化される、との文章を見たことがあります。
今回Double型のほうが正確だったのは、それが行われたからなのでしょうか。
それとも、偶然なのでしょうか。

なんだか、分からなくなってきました・・・(T-T)

 

投稿日時 : 2008年6月3日 0:29

コメントを追加

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 9:54 通りすがり

1/3*3と同じ問題ですね。Windows電卓では答えは1ですが、リアル電卓(携帯の電卓はどうなのかな)では0.99999...ですよね。
自分は勝手に丸められるより、リアル電卓と同じ動きの方がしっくりきますね。
PCも電子計算機ですからね。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 10:18 Jitta

間違ってるよ。どこが間違ってるかは、ブログネタにさせていただきます。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 10:50 よねけん

実験方法がちょっとまずいです。

Dim de2 As Decimal = Convert.ToDecimal(70 / 3)
Dim de5 As Decimal = Convert.ToDecimal(100 / 3)
の2箇所が。
#Jittaさんのツッコミと同じかな?

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 11:47 みきぬ

こうするといいかな?
Dim de2 As Decimal = 70D / 3D
Dim de5 As Decimal = 100D / 3D

# 言われるまで気づかなかったのは秘密

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 11:49 みきぬ

そういえば、こちらでも言及がありました。
http://blogs.wankuma.com/ogiogi/archive/2008/06/03/141046.aspx

> // 整数型の宣言
> // m を省略すると、double 型の値になる。
> // つまり decimal d1 = (double)12.5; と同じであり危険(誤差がでる)
> decimal[] d = new decimal[4];
> d[0] = 12.5m;
> d[1] = 13.5m;
> d[2] = -12.5m;
> d[3] = -13.5m;

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 12:11 nakaP

みなさんありがとうございます。
#昼休みに返事を書こうと思ったらいっぱいある(^^;;

>通りすがりさん
そうですね。10進数に慣れてると、そっちのほうがしっくりきますね。

>Jittaさん
>よねけんさん
>みきぬさん
つっこみありがとうございます。

みきぬさんご提示のとおりですね。私のだと、
Int32型同士の計算→Double型→ToDecimalでDecimal型
となってしまいますね。(ですよね?)

少し、修正させていただきます。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 12:24 Jitta

え~ん(ToT)ネタばらしされてる~(笑)

Double ではなく、Single だと思います。また、「結果が、元の型に収まらないとき」という条件も。
元ネタも、同じような間違いだと思います。型が明示されていないので、なんともいえないけど。
VB6の偶数丸めって、SPで導入でしたっけ?それかもしれないし。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 12:54 よねけん

> え~ん(ToT)ネタばらしされてる~(笑)

ごめんなさいね(^^;
#一応D指定についてはあえて触れないでおいてみたのですが>場所を明かすだけでも十分ですねm(_ _)m

> Double ではなく、Single だと思います。また、「結果が、元の型に収まらないとき」という条件も。

VB.NETでは整数同士の"/"での除算は、結果の値の大小に関わらずDouble型になります。

Console.WriteLine(TypeName(70/3))
Console.WriteLine(TypeName(70/5))

というより、"/"での除算が小数の除算として機能します。整数同士の除算でもそれぞれのオペランドがDoubleにキャストされて計算されます。
(Decimal同士の除算の場合はDecimalのままで処理されます)

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 13:11 みきぬ

> え~ん(ToT)ネタばらしされてる~(笑)
私もごめんなさい。

> 元ネタも、同じような間違いだと思います。型が明示されていないので、なんともいえないけど。
元ネタのほうで未記入さんが指摘していますが、今回問題だったのは、?.0 の付近で誤差が発生するものに対してFix()関数を使っていることですね。
doubleやdecimalも(今回の件に関しては)あまり関係なかったですね。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 13:16 nakaP

>Jittaさん
>よねけんさん
こちらですね。
http://msdn.microsoft.com/ja-jp/library/25bswc76(VS.80).aspx
Single、Decimal以外は計算前にDoubleにキャストされるようですね。
(計算前ってのが重要かも)

>Double ではなく、Single だと思います。また、「結果が、元の型に収まらないとき」という条件も。
VB6のほうでは一部この条件のようです。

この辺をちゃんと意識しないと、ということですね。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 14:44 nakaP

>みきぬさん
見逃してましたorz
>今回問題だったのは、?.0 の付近で誤差が発生するものに対してFix()関数を使っていることですね。
>doubleやdecimalも(今回の件に関しては)あまり関係なかったですね。

ですね。
でも勉強にはなったので、僕にとってはプラスです。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 16:30 めたぼ なら

> 丸めの必要性はなくなっていません。その代わりに、丸め誤差が最小限に抑えられています。
MSDNのこの表現って違うような気がするのはわたくしだけでしょうか?
丸めてないんだから丸めの誤差はないと思うんやけどなぁ...
有効桁数があふれてるだけでしょ。

# 前提として、丸め誤差=進数変換で発生する誤差とした場合ですが...

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 17:23 nakaP

>めたぼ ならさん
>MSDNのこの表現って違うような気がするのはわたくしだけでしょうか?
もう1回System.Decimalのヘルプを見てみました。
私の引用した部分だけでなく、その下のコード例を見るとそう解釈できますね。
昨日の時点では見落としてました。

>丸め処理を行ったときの誤差が最小限に抑えることができます。
こういった表現のほうがしっくりきますね。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 18:01 めたぼ なら

ちょいと調べてみました。

数学的には単に割り算の結果割り切れない数字を小数表現にした場合の誤差を丸め誤差というんですね。

わたしはてっきり丸め誤差=進数変換で発生する誤差だと思っていました。

なので、数学的には問題ない表現ですね。

でも、IT業界的にはどうなのでしょうか???
わかりませぬ。

ちなみに、英語ページでは「丸め誤差が最小限に抑えられています。」の部分は“it minimizes errors due to rounding.”になっていたので、どうにも判断できない感じです。


> >丸め処理を行ったときの誤差が最小限に抑えることができます。
> こういった表現のほうがしっくりきますね。
そうですね。こうして頂けると、私が言う狭い意味での丸め誤差を回避できるので、もやもや感はなくなりますね。

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 21:07 Jitta

あっれ~?"D" だと思っていたのですが、"M" だっけ?
うろ覚えでやってるなぁ(笑)

> VB.NETでは整数同士の"/"での除算は、結果の値の大小に関わらずDouble型になります。
おお!なんか、あっちやこっちがごった煮状態。。。
誰か違いをまとめて(ぉぃ


> わたしはてっきり丸め誤差=進数変換で発生する誤差だと思っていました。
n進数では割りきれない数字を丸めた誤差だから、いいのでは?


ついでに、昔のネタにリンク
http://blogs.wankuma.com/jitta/archive/2005/11/22/19516.aspx

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/03 21:29 みきぬ

> あっれ~?"D" だと思っていたのですが、"M" だっけ?
VB.NETだと"D"で、C#だと"m"です。
# VB6はしらにゃい

# re: 計算結果の誤差 2008/06/04 0:03 nakaP

>めたぼ ならさん
有名なところは円周率がそうでしょうね。>数学的
最近のπは3.14だし。

>Jittaさん
近いうちにまとめようと思います。

>みきぬさん
VB6はDecimal型はないです。(内部処理形式DecimalのVariant型)
なので、ないんだと思います、多分<-てきとー

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